Then, the strategies for enhancing the OER performance and stability of catalysts are introduced. In this review, we address the recent progress on the OER mechanisms, including the deactivation mechanisms, scaling relations, and electronic descriptors of OER catalysts with the help of theoretical computations and advanced operando characterization. In this case, achieving the rational design of high-performance OER catalysts relies on a comprehensive understanding of the reaction mechanism and structure–activity relationships. Furthermore, it is still a challenge to design and develop competent and robust electrocatalysts for OER in acidic media. However, the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is considered to be their major bottleneck, limiting their overall efficiency due to its sluggish kinetics and vulnerability under acidic and oxidative conditions. Proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzers play a vital role in sustainable energy conversion and storage.
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